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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive geophysical method that uses electromagnetic (EM) radio wave pulses to image and detect subsurface structures, objects, and anomalies within materials like soil, rock, concrete, and pavement.
Working Principle
Transmission: A GPR system's transmitter antenna emits high-frequency radio waves (typically 10 MHz to 2.6 GHz) into the ground or material being scanned.
Reflection: As the wave travels, it encounters boundaries between different materials (e.g., soil and a pipe, or concrete and rebar). A significant portion of the energy is reflected back to the surface when there is a contrast in the materials' dielectric permittivity (a measure of how well a material transmits EM energy).